It is generally true that most Tanzanians living outside the coastal and eastern regions are Christians of various denominations, while the majority of those living along the coast and in the eastern parts of the country are Muslims. Muslims make up approximately 30% of the population, while Christians account for around 35%. In more remote tribal areas, you will find a mixture of Muslims, Christians, and people who follow traditional ancestral beliefs, worshipping the ancient spirits of their choice. These traditional believers make up approximately 35% of the population. Among them, the Maasai are particularly notable, placing their faith in the god Engai and his Messiah, Kindong’oi, from whom their priests are believed to descend. Worship is traditionally conducted beneath special fig trees or at Ol Doinyo Lengai, known as the Mountain of God.
As a result of intensive missionary activity from colonial times to the present, nearly every Christian denomination is represented in Tanzania, from Lutherans and Catholics to Seventh-day Adventists, Orthodox, and Anglicans. The success of these denominations would be remarkable were it not for their effective combination of Christian teachings with education and medical services, two resources that were in short supply in Tanzania until recently. Indeed, there are still many remote areas of the country where mission stations remain the only places offering access to education and medical care. There is no doubt that the people who volunteer to staff these missions are dedicated to serving their communities.
On the other hand, the situation is often not as simple as it might at first appear. As with Catholicism in Central and South America which found it necessary to incorporate native deities and saints into the Roman Catholic pantheon in order to placate local sensibilities, African Christianity is frequently syncretic. This is especially so where a tribe has strong ancestral beliefs. There are also many pure home-grown African Christian sects which owe no allegiance to any of the major Western cults. The only thing they have in common is the Bible though their interpretation of it is often radically different. It’s worth checking out a few churches whilst you’re in Tanzania if only to get an understanding of where the religion is headed and even if you can’t understand the language which is being used, you’ll certainly be captivated by what only Africans can do with such beauty and precision — unaccompanied choral singing.
The upsurge of home-grown Christian sects has much to do with the cultural resurgence, the continuing struggle against neocolonialism, and the alienation brought about by migration to urban centres far from tribal homelands in search of work. Some of these sects are distinctly radical and viewed with alarm by the government.
It isn’t just the radical sects which worry the government, however. During the agitation for the introduction of a multiparty political system, even mainstream church leaders took to criticising the government from the relative safety of their pulpits. Many were denounced and some came so close to the bone that they were accused of treason and there were calls for their arrest, although none were actually arrested.
As far as Islam is concerned, most Muslims belong to the Sunni branch of the faith and, as a result, the Sunni communities have been able to attract substantial Saudi Arabian funding for schools and hospitals along the coast and elsewhere.
Only a small minority belong to the Shia branch of Islam and most are to be found among the Asian community. On the other hand, Shiites have been coming to East Africa from all over the eastern Islamic world for centuries, partially to escape persecution but mainly for trading purposes. They didn’t come here to convert souls, and there was a high degree of cooperation between the schismatic sects and the Sunnis which is why there’s a total absence of Shiite customs in Swahili culture today.
Among the Asian community, there are representatives of virtually all Shiite sects but the most influential are the Ismailis — followers of the Aga Khan. As with all Ismailis, they represent a very liberal version of Islam and are perhaps the only branch of the faith that is strongly committed to the education of women at all levels and their participation in commerce and business. The sect has prospered well in Tanzania, going by all the schools and hospitals dedicated to the Aga Khan, which you will come across in most urban centres.
Hinduism, as is the case in India, remains a self-contained religion that concerns only those born into it. You’ll come across a considerable number of temples in the larger urban areas where most of those of Indian origin live. There are literally scores of different sects of Hinduism to be found in Tanzania, which are too numerous to mention here, but many are economically quite influential.
In Tanzania, as in many African countries, religion plays an important part in the availability of educational and medical facilities, as is obvious from the number of schools, clinics, and hospitals attached to mosques and churches. However, there is no religious bias exists in the country’s political and civil administration.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the traditional religions of Tanzania?
Traditional religions in Tanzania are based on the beliefs and customs of different ethnic groups. Many communities believe in one Supreme Creator. They also honor ancestors and ask for their guidance. Nature, sacred forests, rivers, and mountains often have spiritual meaning. Even today, some people practice these traditions alongside Christianity or Islam.
Do people in Tanzania still follow traditional religions?
Yes, some Tanzanians still practice traditional religions. These beliefs are more common in rural areas, where customs are passed down through families. Many people combine traditional practices with their Christian or Muslim faith. Cultural ceremonies, blessings, and ancestor respect remain important. These traditions are part of Tanzania’s rich heritage.
What role do ancestors play in traditional beliefs?
Ancestors are highly respected in many Tanzanian communities. People believe they can protect and guide their families. Special ceremonies may be held to honor them during important events. Offerings and prayers are sometimes made as a sign of respect. These customs help keep family traditions alive.
Are there traditional religious ceremonies in Tanzania?
Yes, many communities hold traditional ceremonies throughout the year. These events may celebrate harvests, births, marriages, or coming of age. Music, dancing, singing, and storytelling are often part of the celebration. Elders usually lead the ceremonies and share traditional knowledge. Visitors may be invited to observe with respect for local customs.
Can visitors learn about Tanzania’s traditional religions?
Yes, visitors can learn about these beliefs through cultural tours and local villages. Talking with community members is a great way to understand their traditions. Museums and cultural centers also explain Tanzania’s spiritual history. It is important to be respectful and ask permission before joining ceremonies or taking photos. Learning about these traditions adds a deeper meaning to any trip to Tanzania.
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